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English
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Robert Vautard

Extrèmes : STatistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation

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Fonction

Director of Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (since Sep 2019) see

Senior scientist at National Centre for Scientific Research

Coordinating Lead Author of the VIth IPCC assessment

Chapter 12 : Climate change information for regional impact and for risk assessment

Research topics

Climate services development

Society needs are numerous when facing climate change. A number of industry and public decision makers are considering climate change for their risk management plans. For instance centennial extreme events may not be centennial anymore and historical observations are often outdated to design future plans or even to estimate current risks. We develop an approach mixing observations and climate projections in order to taylor data for planning. An example is the preparation of model projections for energy mix scenario design. Projections, correctly calibrated with observations, can be used to identify critical future situations for more renewable-energy intensive energy mixes.

Such an approach is largely using data provided by the Copernicus Climate Change Service. We are also participating in building the C3S through several contracts.

Regional climate and energy modeling

How will European climate affect the weather and its variability in a few decades? How will this interact with energy transition need? This is one of the main question I want to address. This requires models that simulate the earth system, such as the IPSL global model, together with models downscaling both the climate and the impacts of its variability and changes at a much smaller scale. In particular I have been addressing the impacts of climate change on renewable energy sources. In order to fully understand this I have conducted projects and studies leading to a chain of models enabling investigation of the impacts of climate change on regional weather, renewable energy systems and also other factors affecting health such as pollens. 

Through the ongoing CLIM4ENERGY Copernicus C3S project, results of this research is provided as a demonstration of climate services.

Extreme events in the context of climate change

Another aspect of understanding climate change is through current climate. How does human-induced climate change affect the extreme events we are witnessing? We have developed methods to quantitatively investigate this questions. These methods involve mathematics, climate science and modeling. Through several projects (EUCLEIA, EXTREMOSCOPE) our findings based on recnet cases show a general trend of heat wave and heavy precipitation events to have increased probabilities relative to a climate that "might have been without influence". The decription of such a pristine climate remains a challenge and an anchor to understanding future changes and adaptation to bring.

Training

1994 Habilitation à diriger les recherches, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

1987 PhD: Time scales of atmospheric motions, couplings and parameterization of rapid modes, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

1984  Master : Météorologie et Océanographie, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, FR

1982-1986 Elève de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de la rue d’Ulm, Paris, France

International Responsibilities

2018 - Coordinating Lead Author of the 6th IPCC assessment report, chapitre 12 intitulé « Climate change information for regional impact and for risk assessment »

2016-2018   Lead of the CLIM4ENERGY demonstrator project, in the framework of the Copernicus Climate Change Service

2017 - Membre of the « Science Review Group » of the U.K. Met. Office (conseil scientifique externe pour le compte du gouvernement britannique)

2009-2016 :  Membre of the « Scientific Advisory Council » du Centre Européen de Prévision Météorologique à Moyen Terme (ECMWF - SAC)

2015 - Co-lead of the « Understand » topic of the Grand Challenge WCRP on extreme events

Workpackage leader of 6 European projects on climate change

Scientific Publications

  1. Selten, F., R. Bintanja, R. Vautard & B. J. J. M. van ven Hurk, 2020: Future continental summer warming constrained by the present-day seasonal cycle of surface hydrology. Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61721-9.
  1. Jacob, D., C. Teichmann, S. Sobolowski, E. Katragkou, I. Anders, M. Belda, R. Benestad, F. Boberg, E. Buonomo, R. M. Cardoso, A. Casanueva, O. B. Christensen, J. H. Christensen, E. Coppola, L. De Cruz, E. L. Davin, A. Dobler, M. Domínguez, R. Fealy, J. Fernandez, M. Á. Gaertner, M. García-Díez, F. Giorgi, A. Gobiet, K. Goergen, J. J. Gómez-Navarro, C. Gutiérrez, J. M. Gutiérrez, I. Güttler, A. Haensler, T. Halenka, S. Jerez, P. Jiménez-Guerrero, R. G. Jones, K. Keuler, E. Kjellström, S. Knist, S. Kotlarski, D. Maraun, E. van Meijgaard, P. Mercogliano, J. P. Montávez, A. Navarra, G. Nikulin, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, H.-J. Panitz, M. Piazza, E. Pichelli, J.-P. Pietikäinen, A. F. Prein, D. Rechid, B. Rockel, R. Romera, E. Sánchez, K. Sieck, P. M.M. Soares, S. Somot, L. Srnec, S. L. Sørland, P. Termonia, H. Truhetz, R. Vautard, K. Warrach-Sagi, V. Wulfmeyer, Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community, Regional Environmental Change (2020), in press.

2019

212. van Oldenborgh, G. J., E. Mitchell-Larson, G. Vecchi, H. de Vries, R. Vautard, and F. E. L. Otto, 2019: Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes. Environmental Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4867

211. Spinoni, J., P. Barbosa, E. Bucchignani, J. Cassano, T. Cavazos, J. H. Christensen, O. B. Christensen, E. Coppola, J. Evans, B. Geyer, F. Giorgi, P. Hadjinicolaou; D. Jacob, J. Katzfey, T. Koenigk, R. Laprise, C. J. Lennard, M. L. Kurnaz, D. Li; M. Llopart, N. McCormick, G. Naumann, G. Nikulin; T. Ozturk, H.-J. Panitz, R. Porfirio da Rocha, B. Rockel, S. A. Solman, J. Syktus, F. Tangang; C. Teichmann, R. Vautard, J. V. Vogt, K. Winger, G. Zittis, A. Dosio, 2019: Future global meteorological drought hotspots: a study based on CORDEX data, Journal of Climate, in press.

210. Bartok, B., I. Tobin, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, X. Jin, G. Levavasseur, S. Denvil, L. Dubus, S. Parey, P.-A. Michelangeli, A. Troccoli, Y.-M. Saint-Drenan, 2018 : A climate projection dataset tailored for the European energy sector. Climate Services, A climate projection dataset tailored for the European energy sector, Climate Services, 16, 2019, 100138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2019.100138.

209. Vautard, R., van Oldenborgh, G.-J., Otto, F. E. L., Yiou, P., de Vries, H., van Meijgaard, E., Stepek, A., Soubeyroux, J.-M., Philip, S., Kew, S. F., Costella, C., Singh, R., and C. Tebaldi, 2019: Human influence on European wind storms such as those of January 2018. Earth System Dynamics, 10, 271-286.

208. Jerez, S.; Tobin, I.; Turco, M., López-Romero, J. M., Montavez, J., Jimenez-Guerrero, P. and R. Vautard, 2018, Future changes, or lack thereof, in the temporal variability of the combined wind-plus-solar power production in Europe. Renewable Energy, in press.

207. Ribes, A., S. Thao, R. Vautard, B. Dubuisson, S. Somot, J. Colin, S. Planton, J.-M. Soubeyroux, 2019 : Observed increase in extreme daily rainfall in the French Mediterranean. Climate Dynamics, 52, 1095-1114.

206. Vautard, R., N. Christidis, A. Ciavarella, C. Alvarez-Castro, O. Bellprat, B. Christiansen, I. Colfescu, T. Cowan, F. Doblas-Reyes, J. Eden, M. Hauser, G. Hegerl, N. Hempelmann, K. Klehmet, F. Lott, C. Nangini, R. Orth, S. Radanovics, S. I. Seneviratne, G. J. van Oldenborgh, P. Stott, S. Tett, L. Wilcox, P. Yiou (2019) Evaluation of the HadGEM3-A simulations in view of climate and weather event human influence attribution in Europe. Climate Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4183-6.

205. Schewe, J., J. Eliott, Louis Francois, S. N. Gosling, V. Huber, H. K. Lotze, C. Reyer, S. I. Seneviratne, M. T. H. van Vliet, R. Vautard, Y. Wada, F. Zhao, L. Breuer, M. Büchner, D. A. Carozza, J. Chang, P. Ciais, M. Coll, D. Deryng, A. de Wit, T. D. Eddy, C. Folberth, K. Frieler, A. Friend, D. Gerten, L. Gudmundsson, N. Hanasaki, A. Ito, N. Khabarov, H. Kim, P. Lawrence, C. Morfopoulos, C. Müller, H. Müller Schmied, R. Orth, S. Ostberg, Y. Pokhrel, T. A. M. Pugh, G. Sakurai, Y. Satoh, E. Schmid, T. Stacke, J. Steenbeek, J. Steinkamp, Q. Tang, H. Tian, D. Tittensor, J. Volkholz, X. Wang, L. Warszawski (2019), State-of-the-art global models underestimate impacts from climate extremes. Nature Communications, 10, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08745-6.

2018

204. Coppola, E.; S. Sobolowski; E. Pichelli; F. Raffaele; B. Ahrens; I. Anders; N. Ban; S. Bastin; M. Belda; D. Belusic; A. Caldas-Alvarez; R. Margarida Cardoso; S. Davolio; A. Dobler; J. Fernandez; L. Fita Borrell; Q. Fumiere; F. Giorgi; K. Goergen; I. Guettler; T. Halenka; D. Heinzeller; Ø. Hodnebrog; D. Jacob; S. Kartsios; E. Katragkou; E. Kendon; S. Khodayar; H. Kunstmann; S. Knist; Á. Lavín; P. Lind; T. Lorenz; D. Maraun; L. Marelle; E. van Meijgaard; J. Milovac; G. Myhre; H.-J. Panitz; M. Piazza; M. Raffa; T. Raub; B. Rockel; C. Schär; K. Sieck; P. M. M. Soares; S. Somot; L. Srnec; P. Stocchi; M. Tölle; H. Truhetz; R. Vautard; H. de Vries; K. Warrach-Sagi, 2018, A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean, Clim. Dyn., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8.

203. Lian, J., L. Wu, F.-M.Bréon, G. Broquet, R. Vautard, T. Scott Zaccheo, J. Dobler, and P. Ciais, 2018: Evaluation of the WRF-UCM mesoscale model and ECMWF global operational forecasts over the Paris region in the prospect of tracer atmospheric transport modeling, Elementa – Science of the Anthropocene, 6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.319

202. Kew, S. F., S. Y. Philip, G. J. van Oldenborgh, F. E. L. Otto, R. Vautard, G. van der Schrier, and C. Tebaldi, 2018: Attribution of the exceptional summer heat wave in Southern Europe 2017, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(1), S49-S53.

201. Philip, S., S. F. Kew, G. J. van Oldenborgh, E. Aalbers, R. Vautard, F. Otto, K. Haustein, F. Habets, R. Singh and H. Cullen (2018) Validation of a rapid attribution of the May/June 2016 flood-inducing precipitation in France to climate change, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 19(11), 1881-1898.

200. Luu, L., R. Vautard, P. Yiou, G. J. van Oldenborgh, and G. Lenderink, 2018, Attribution of extreme rainfall events in the South of France using EURO-CORDEX simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., doi :10.1029/2018GL077807.

199. Raimonet, M., V. Thieu, M. Silvestre, L. Oudin, C. Rabouille, R. Vautard, and J. Garnier, 2018: Landward perspective of coastal eutrophication potential under future climate change: the Seine River case (France), Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018, vol. 5, p. 136.

198. Jézéquel, A., J. Cattiaux, P. Naveau, S. Radanovics, A. Ribes, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, and P. Yiou, 2018, Trends of atmospheric circulation during singular hot days in Europe. Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 13, no 5, p. 054007.

197. Kjellström, E., G. Nikulin, G. Strandberg, O. B. Christensen, D. Jacob, K. Keuler, G. Lenderink, E. van Meijgaard, C. Schär, S. Somot, S. L. Sörland, C. Teichmann and R. Vautard (2018) European climate change at global mean temperature increases of 1.5 and 2°C above pre-industrial conditions as simulated by the EURO-CORDEX regional climate models, Earth System Dynamics, vol. 9, no 2, p. 459-478.

196. Jerez, S., J. M. Lopez-Romero, M. Turco, P. Jimenez-Guerrero, R. Vautard and J. P. Montavez, 2018 : Impact of evolving greenhouse gas forcing on the warming signal in regional climate experiments, Nature Communications, vol. 9, no 1, p. 1304.

195. Tobin, I., Greuell W., Jerez S., Ludwig F., Vautard R., van Vliet M.T.H., and Bréon F.-M., 2018: Vulnerabilities and resilience of European power generation to 1.5°C, 2°C and 3°C warming, Environ. Res. Lett., 13 044024.

194. Permadi, D. A., Oanh, N. T. K., and R. Vautard, 2018, Assessment of co-benefits of black carbon emission reduction measures in Southeast Asia: Part 2 emission scenarios for 2030 and co-benefits on mitigation of air pollution and climate forcing. Atmos. Chem. And Phys., in press.

193. Jacob, D., Kotova, L., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S., Vautard, R., Donelly, C., Koutroulis, A., Grillakis, M., Tsanis, I., Damm, A., Sakalli, A., and M. van Vliet (2018): Climate impacts in Europe under +1.5oC global warming, Earth’s Future, doi: 10.1002/2017EF000710.

192. Christiansen, B., C. Alvarez-Castro, N. Chritidis, A. Ciavarella, I. Colfescu, T. Cowan, J. Eden, M. Hauser, N. Hempelmann, K. Khlemet, F. Lott, C. Nangini, G. J. van Oldenborgh, R. Orth, P. Stott, S. Tett, R. Vautard, L. Wilcox, and P. Yiou, 2018: Was the cold European winter 2009-2010 modified by anthropogenic climate change? An attribution study. J. Climate, 31(9), 3387-3410.

191. Hempelmann, N., C. Ehbrecht, C. Alvarez-Castro, P. Brockmann, W. Falk, J. Hoffmann, S. Kindermann, B. Koziol, C. Nangini, S. Radanovics, R. Vautard and P. Yiou, 2018: Web processing service for climate impact and extreme weather event analyses. Flyinpigeon (Version 1.0). Computers and Geoscience, vol. 110, p. 65-72.

2017

190. Yiou, P., J. Cattiaux , A. Ribes , R. Vautard , M. Vrac, 2017: Recent trends in the recurrence of North-Atlantic Atmospheric Circulation Patterns. Complexity, 2018.

189 Permadi, D. A., Oanh, N. T. K., and R. Vautard, 2017, Integrated emission inventory and modeling to assess distribution of particulate matter mass and black carbon composition in Southeast Asia, Atmos. Chem. And Phys., 18(4), 2725.

188. Sillmann, J., T. Thorarinsdottir, N. Keenlyside, N. Schaller, L. V. Alexander, G. Hegerl, S. I. Seneviratne, R. Vautard, X. Zhang, and F. W. Zwiers, 2017: Understanding, modeling and predicting weather and climate extremes: Challenges and opportunities. Weather And Climate Extremes, 18 (2017): 65-74.

187. Frieler, K., R. Betts, E. Burke, P. Ciais, S. Denvil, D. Deryng, K. Ebi, T. Eddy, K. Emanuel, J. Elliott, E. Galbraith, S. Gosling, K. Halladay, F. Hattermann, T. Hickler, J. Hinkel, V. Huber, C. Jones, V. Krysanova, S. Lange, H. Lotze, H. Lotze-Campen, M. Mengel, I. Mouratiadou, H. Müller Schmied, S. Ostberg, F. Piontek, A. Popp, C. Reyer, J. Schewe, M. Stevanovic, T. Suzuki, K. Thonicke, H. Tian, D. T. Tittensor, R. Vautard, M. van Vliet, L. Warszawski, and F. Zhao, 2016: Assessing the impacts of 1.5°C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b). Geoscientific Model Development, 10(12), 4321-4345.

186. Hauser, M., L. Gudmundsson, R. Orth, A. Jézéquel, K. Haustein, R. Vautard, G. J. van Oldenborgh and S. I. Seneviratne, 2017. Methods and model dependency of extreme event attribution : the 2015 European drought. Earth’s future, vol. 5, no 10, p. 1034-1043.

185. Hauser, M., L. Gudmundsson, R. Orth, A. Jézéquel, K. Haustein, R. Vautard, G. J. van Oldenborgh and S. I. Seneviratne, 2017. Methods and model dependency of extreme event attribution : the 2015 European drought. Earth’s future, in press.

184. Raimonet, M., Oudin, L.; Thieu, V., Silvestre, M., Vautard, R., Rabouille, C., and P. Moigne, 2017: Evaluation of reanalysis datasets for hydrological modelling. J. Hydrometeorol., in press.

183. Colette, A., Andersson, A., Manders, A., Mar, K., Mircea, M., Pay, M.-T., Raffort, V., Tsyro, S., Cuvelier, C., Adani, M., Bessagnet, B., Bergström, R., Briganti G., Butler, T., Cappelletti, A., Couvidat, F., D'Isidoro, M., Doumbia, T., Fagerli, H., Granier, C., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Ojha, N., Otero, N., Schaap, M., Sindelarova, K., Stegehuis, A. I., Roustan, Y., Vautard, R., van Meijgaard, E., Vivanco, M.G., and P. Wind, P., 2017: EURODELTA-Trends, a multi-model experiment of air quality hindcast in Europe over 1990-2010, Geoscientific Model Development 10, 3255-3276, 2017.

182. Vautard, R., A. Colette, E. van Meijgaard, F. Meleux, G. J. van Oldenborgh, F. Otto, I. Tobin, P. Yiou, 2017 : Attribution of wintertime anticyclonic stagnation contributing to air pollution in Western Europe. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., in press.

181. Peñuelas, J., Ciais, P., J. Canadell, I. Janssens, M. Fernandez-Martinez, J. Carnicer, M. Obersteiner, S. Piao, R. Vautard and J. Sardans, 2017: Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period. Nature Ecology & Evolution, in press.

180. Fortems-Cheiney, A., G. Foret, G. Siour, R. Vautard, S. Szopa, G. Dufour, A. Colette, G. Lacressonniere and M. Beekmann, 2017 : A 3°C global RCP8.5 emission trajectory annihilates the benefits of European emission reductions on air quality. Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00075-9.

179. Jézéquel, A., Yiou, P., Radanovics, S., and R. Vautard, 2017 : Analysis of the exceptionally warm December 2015 in France using flow analogues. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., in press.

178. Yiou, P., A. Jézéquel, P. Naveau, F. E. L. Otto, R. Vautard and M. Vrac, 2017: A statistical framework for conditional extreme event attribution, Advances in Statistical Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography, in press.

177. Lacressonnière, G. L. Watson, . Gauss, M. Engardt, C. Andersson, M. Beekmann, A. Colette, G. Foret, B. Josse, V. Marécal, A. Nyiri, G. Siour, S. Sobolowski and R. Vautard (2017). Particulate matter air pollution in a +2°C warming world. Atmos. Environ., 154, 129-140.

2016

176. Bartok, B., M. Wild, D. Folini, D. Lüthi, S. Kotlarski, C. Schär, R. Vautard and S. Jerez, 2016: Projected changes in surface solar radiation in CMIP5 global climate models and in EURO-CORDEX regional climate models for Europe. Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3471-2.

175. Knist, S., K. Goergen, E. Buonomo, O. Christensen, A. Colette, R. Cardoso, R. Fealy, J. Fernandez, M. Garcia-Diez, D. Jacob, S. Karstios, E. Katragkou, K. Keuler, S. Mayer, E. van Meijgaard, G. Nikulin, P. Soares, S. Sobolowski, G. Szepszo, C. Teichmann, R. Vautard, K. Warrach-Sagi, V. Wulfmeyer, C. Simmer, 2016: Land-atmosphere coupling in EURO-CORDEX evaluation experiments. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

174. Teuling, A. J., C. M. Taylor, J.-F. Meirink, L.-A. Melsen, D. G. Miralles, C. C. van Heervaarden, R. Vautard, A. I. Stegehuis, G.-J. Nabuurs, and J. Vilà Guerau de Arellano, 2016: Observational evidence for cloud cover enhancement over Western European forests. Nature Communications, in press.

173. Ouzeau, G., J.-M. Soubeyroux, M. Schneider, R. Vautard and S. Planton, 2016: Heat waves analysis over France in present and future climate : application of a new method on the EURO-CORDEX ensemble. Climate Services, in press.

172. Vautard, R., P. Yiou, F. Otto, P. Stott, N. Christidis, G. J. van Oldenborgh and N. Schaller, 2016: Attribution of human-induced dynamical and thermodynamical contributions in extreme weather events. Environ. Res. Letters, in press.

171. Watson, L., G. Lacressonnière, M. Gauss, M. Engardt, C. Andersson, B. Josse, V. Marécal, A. Nyiri, S. Sobolowski, G. Siour and R. Vautard, 2016: The impact of emissions and +2°C climate change upon future ozone and nitrogen dioxide over Europe. Atmos. Environ., in press.

170. Raynaud, D., B. Hingray, I. Zin, S. Anquetin, S. Debionne, and R. Vautard, 2016: Atmospheric analogs for physically consistent scenarios of surface weather in Europe and Maghreb. Int. J. of Climatology, in press.

169. Lake, I. R., N. R. Jones, M. Agnew, C. M. Goodess, F. Giorgi, L. Hamaoui-Laguel, M. Semenov, F. Solmon, J. Storkey, R. Vautard and M. Epstein, 2016: Climate change and future pollen allergy in Europe. Environ. Health. Persp., in press.

168. Liu, L., F. Solmon, R. Vautard, L. Hamaoui-Laguel, Cs. Zs. Torma, and F. Giorgi, 2016: Estimates of common ragweed pollen emission and dispersion over Europe using RegCM-pollen model. Biogeoscience, in press.

167. Vrac, M., Noël, T. and R. Vautard, 2015: Bias correction of precipitation through Singularity Stochastic Removal: Because occurrences matter, J. Geophys. Res., in press.

166. Chavaillaz, Y., S. Joussaume, A. Dehecq, P. Braconnot and R. Vautard, 2016 : Investigating the pace of temperature change and its implications over the twenty-first century, Climatic Change, in press.

165. Zhao Y., B. Sultan, R. Vautard, P. Braconnot, H.J. Wang and A. Ducharne, 2015: Potential escalation of heat-related working costs with climate and socio-economic changes in China. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., in press.

164. Schaller, N., A. L. Kay, R. Lamb, N. R. Massey, G.-J. van Oldenborgh, F. E. L. Otto, S. N. Sparrow, R. Vautard, P. Yiou, A. Bowery, S. M. Crooks, C. Huntingford, W. Ingram, R. Jones, T. Legg, J. Miller, J. Skeggs, D. Wallom, S. Wilson & M. R. Allen, 2015, Human influence on climate in the 2014 Southern England winter floods and their impacts. Nature climate change, doi:10.1038/nclimate2927.

163. Tobin, I., Jerez, S., Vautard, R., Thais, F., Déqué, M., Kotlarski, S., Fox Maule, C., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G., Noel, T., Prein, A., Teichmann, C., 2015: Climate change impacts on the power generation potential of a European mid-century wind farms scenario. Environ. Res. Lett., in press.

162. Markakis, K., M. Valari, M. Engardt, G. Lacressonniere, R. Vautard and C. Andersson, 2015: Mid-21st century air quality at the urban scale under the influence of changed climate and emissions. Case studies for Paris and Stockholm. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, in press.

161. Lacressonnière G, Foret G, Beekmann M, Siour G, Engardt M., Gauss M, Watson L, Andersson C ,Colette A, Josse B, Marécal V, Nyiri A., Vautard R., Impacts of regional climate change on air quality projections and associated uncertainties, Climatic change, in press

160. Stott, P., N. Christidis, F. Otto, Y. Sun, J.-P. Vanderlinden, G. J. van Oldenborgh, R. Vautard, H. von Storch, P. Walton; P. Yiou, F. Zwiers, 2016, Attribution of extreme events. WIRES Climate Change, 2016, 7:23–41. doi: 10.1002/wcc.380.

159. Balog, I., P. M. Ruti, I. Tobin, V. Armenio, and R. Vautard, 2016: A numerical approach for planning offshore wind farms from regional to local scales over the Mediterranean. Renewable Energy, 85, 395-405.

 

2015

 

158. Jerez, S., I. Tobin, R. Vautard, J. P. Montávez, J. M. López-Romero, F. Thais, B. Bartok, O. B. Christensen, A. Colette, M. Déqué, G. Nikulin, S. Kotlarski, E. van Meijgaard, C. Teichmann, and M. Wild, 2015: The impact of climate change on photovoltaic power generation in Europe, Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/ncomms10014.

157. Casanueva, A., S. Kotlarski, S. Herrera, J. Fernandez, J. M. Guttierez, F. Boberg, A. Colette, O. B. Christensen, K. Goergen, D. Jacob, K. Keuler, G. Nikulin, C. Teichmann, and R. Vautard, 2015: daily precipitation statistics in the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble: Added value of a high resolution and implications for bias correction. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.​1007/​s00382-015-2865-x).

156. Watson, L., G. Lacressonnière, M. Gauss, M. Engardt, C. Anderson, B. Josse, V. Marecal, A. Nyiri, S. Sobolowski, G. Siour, and R. Vautard, 2015, The impact of meteorological forcings on gas phase air pollutants over Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 119, 240-257.

155. Zeng, Z., A. Chen, P. Ciais, Y.Li, L. Z. X. Li, R. Vautard, L. Zhou, H. Yang, M. Huang & S. Piao, 2014: Regional air pollution brightening reverses the greenhouse gases induced warming-elevation relationship. Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10. 1002/2015GL064410.

154. Stegehuis, A., R. Vautard, P. Ciais, A.J. Teuling, D.G. Miralles, and M. Wild, 2014: An observation-constrained multi-physics RCM ensemble for simulating European mega-heatwaves. Geosc. Model Dev., doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2285-2015.

153. Vautard, R., G.-J. van Oldenborgh, S. Thao, B. Dubuisson, G. Lenderink, A. Ribes, S. Planton, J.-M. Soubeyroux, P. Yiou (2015): Extreme fall precipitations in the Cévennes mountains. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. Suppl. On “explaining extreme events of 2014 from a climate perspective”, 96, S56-S60.

152. Zhao Y., A. Ducharne, B. Sultan, P. Braconnot, and R. Vautard, 2015: Modeling climate change impacts on human heat stress: present-day biases and future uncertainties in CMIP5. Environ. res. Lett., 10, 084013.

151. Miller, L. M., N. A. Brunsell, D. B. Mechem, F. Gans, A. J. Monaghan, R. Vautard, D. W. Keith, and A. Kleidon, 2014: Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 112, 11169-11174.

150. Berrisford, P., I. Tobin, R. J. H. Dunn, R. Vautard and T. R. McVicar, Eds., 2015: Land surface Wind speed. Regional climates [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S169–S219.

149. Kinney, P., Schwartz, J., Pascal, M., Petkova, E. Le Tertre, A. Medina, S. and Vautard, R., Winter Season Mortality: Will Climate Warming Bring Benefits?, 2015 Environ. Res. Lett., 10, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064016.

148. Hamaoui-Laguel, L., R. Vautard, L. Liu, F. Solmon, N. Viovy, D. Khvorostyianov, F. Essl, I. Chuine, A. Colette, M. A. Semenov, A. Schaffhauser, J. Storkey, M. Thibaudon and M. Epstein, 2015: Effects of climate change and seed dispersal on airborne ragweed pollen loads in Europe. Nature Climate Change, 5, 766-U186.

147. Prein, A., A. Gobiet, H. Truehetz, K. Keuler, K. Goergen, C. Teichmann, C. Fox Maule, E. van Meijgaard, M. Déqué, G. Nikulin, R. Vautard, A. Colette, E. Kjellström, 2014: Precipitation in the EURO-CORDEX 0.11° and 0.44° simulations: high resolution, high benefits? Climate Dynamics, in press.

146. Katragkou, E., M. Garcia-Diez, R. Vautard, S. Sobolowski, P. Zanis, G. Alexandri, R.M. Cardoso, A. Colette, J. Fernandez, A. Gobiet, K. Goergen, T. Karacostas, S. Knist, S. Mayer, P.M.M. Soares, I. Pytharoulis, I. Tegoulias, A. Tsikerdekis, and D. Jacob, 2014: Hindcast regional climate simulations within EURO-CORDEX: Evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble. Geoscientific Model Development., 8, 603-618.

145. Essl, F., K. Biro, D. Brandes, O. Broennimann, J. M. Bullock, D. S. Chapman, B. Chauvel, S. Dullinger, B. Fumanal, A. Guisan, G. Karrer, G. Kazinczi, C. Kueffer, B. Laitung, C. Lavoie, M. Leitner, T. Mang, D. Moser, H. Müller-Schärer, B. Petitpierre, R. Richter, U. Schaffner, M. Smith, U. Starfinger, R. Vautard, G. Vogl, M. von der Lippe & S. Follak, 2014:Biological flora of the British Isles: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, J. Ecology, in press.

144. Schucht, S., A. Colette, S. Rao, M. Holland, W. Schöpp, P. Kolp, Z. Klimont, B. Bessagnet, S. Szopa, R. Vautard, J.-M. Brignon, and L. Rouil, 2014: Moving towards ambitious climate policies: monetized health benefits from improved air quality could improve offset mitigation costs. Envion. Sci. and Policy, 50, 252-269.

143. Garcia-Diez, M., J. Fernandez and R. Vautard, 2015 : An RCM multi-physics ensemble over Europe : Multi-variable evaluation to avoid error compensation. Clim. Dyn, 1-16.

142. van Oldenborgh, G.-J., D. B. Stephenson, A. Sterl, R. Vautard, P. Yiou, S. S. Drijfhout, H. von Storch and H. van den Dool, 2015: comment on ‘Potential influences on the United Kingdom floods of Winter 2013/2014 by Huntingford et al’, Nature Climate Change, 5, 490-491.

141. Jerez, S., Thais, F., Tobin, I., Wild, M., Colette, A., Yiou, P., and R. Vautard, 2015: The CLIMIX model: a tool to create and evaluate spatially-resolved scenarios of photovoltaic and wind power development. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 42, 1-15.

140. Tobin, I., R. Vautard, I. Balog, F.-M. Bréon, S. Jerez, P. Ruti, F. Thais, M. Vrac, and P. Yiou, 2015: Assessing climate change impacts on European wind energy from ENSEMBLES high-resolution climate projections. Climatic Change, 128, 99-112.

 

2014

 

139. Lee, M., F. Nordio, A. Zanobetti, P. Kinney, R. Vautard and J. Schwartz, 2013: Acclimatization across space and time in the effects of temperature on mortality. Environ. health, in press.

138. Markakis, K., M. Valari, A. Colette, O. Sanchez, O. Perrussel, C. Honore, R. Vautard, Z. Klimont, and S.T. Rao, 2014 : Air-quality in the mid-21st century for the city of Paris under two climate scenarios; from regional to local scale. Atmos. Chem.and Phys., 14, 7323-7340.

 

137. Tobin, I., P. Berrisford, R. J. H. Dunn, R. Vautard and T. R. McVicar, 2014: State of Climate in 2013 - Surface Winds, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., special suppl., 95.

136. Kotlarski, S., Keuler, K., Christensen, O. B., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Jacob, D., Lüthi, D., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G., Schär, C., Teichmann, C., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1297-1333, doi:10.5194/gmd-7-1297-2014, 2014.

135. Lacressonnière, G., V.-H. Peuch, R. Vautard, J. Arteta, M. Déqué, M. Joly, B. Josse, V. Marécal, and D. Saint-Martin, 2014, European air quality in the 2030s and 2050s: impacts of global and regional emission trends and of climate change. Atmospheric Environment, in press.

134. Yiou, P., M. boichu, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, S. Jourdain, E. Garnier, F. Fluteau, and L. Menut, 2014 : Ensemble Meteorological reconstruction using circulation analogues of 1781-1785. Clim. Past., 10, 797-809.

133. Vautard, R.,  A. Gobiet, S. Sobolowski, E. Kjellström, A. Stegehuis, P. Watkiss, T. Mendlik, O. Landgren, G. Nikulin, C. Teichmann, D. Jacob, 2013, The European climate under a 2°C global warming. Environ. Res. Lett., in press.

132. Vautard R., F. Thais, I. Tobin, F.-M. Bréon, J.-G. Devezeaux de Lavergne, A. Colette, P. Yiou, and P. M. Ruti, 2014 : Regional climate model simulations indicate limited climatic impacts by operational and planned European wind farms, Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/ncomms4196.

131. Ortega, P., D. Swingedouw, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Risi, B. Vinther, P. Yiou, R. Vautard and K. Yioshimura, 2013: Characterizing atmospheric circulation signals in Greenland ice cores: insights from the weather regime approach. Climate Dynamics, in press.

130. Jacob, D., J. Petersen, B. Eggert, A. Alias, O. B. Christensen, L. M. Bouwer, A. Braun, A. Colette, M. Déqué, G. Georgievski, E. Georgopoulou, A. Gobiet, G. Nikulin, A. Haensler, N. Hempelmann, C. Jones, K. Keuler, S. Kovats, N. Kröner, S. Kotlarski, A. Kriegsmann, E. Martin, E. van Meijgaard, C. Moseley, S. Pfeifer, S. Preuschmann, K. Radtke, D. Rechid, M. Rounsevell, P. Samuelsson, S. Somot, J.-F. Soussana, C. Teichmann, R. Valentini, R. Vautard, and B. Weber, 2014, EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research, Regional Environmental change, 14, 563-578.

 

2013

 

129. Colette, A., B. Bessagnet, R. Vautard, S. Szopa, S. Rao, L. Menut, G. Clain, F. Meleux, S. Schucht, Z. Klimont, and L. Rouïl, 2013 : European atmosphere in 2050, a regional air quality and climate perspective under CMIP5 scenarios. Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 13, 7451-7471.

128. Menut L., Bessagnet B., Khvorostyanov D., Beekmann M., Blond N., Colette A., Coll I., Curci G., Foret G., Hodzic A., Mailler S., Meleux F., Monge J.L., Pison I., Siour G., Turquety S., Valari M., Vautard R., Vivanco M.G., 2013 : CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 981-1028.

127. Mc Vicar, T., R., R. Vautard, J.-N. Thepaut, P. Berrisford, and R. J. H. Dunn, 2013, [Global climate; Atmospheric circulation; Surface winds] Land surface winds [in “State of the Climate in 2012”]. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 94, S1–S258.

126. Solazzo, E., R. Bianconi, G. Pirovano, M. D. Moran, R. Vautard, C. Hogrefe, Appel, K. W., V. Matthias, P. Grossi, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, C. Chemel, J. H. Christensen, R. Forkel, X. Francis, A. Hansen, S. McKeen, U. Nopmoncol, M. Prank, K. Sartelet, A. Segers, J. D. Silver, G. Yarwood, J. Werhahn, J. Zhang, S. T. Rao, and S. Galmarini, 2013: Evaluating the capability of regional air quality models to capture the vertical distribution of pollutants. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 791-818.

125. Stegehuis, A., R. Teuling, P. Ciais, R. Vautard and M. Jung, 2013: Future European temperature change uncertainties reduced by using land heat flux observations. Geophys. Res. Letters, in press.

124. Vautard, R., A. Gobiet, D. Jacob, M. Belda, A. Colette, M. Déqué, J. Fernández, M. García-Díez, K. Goergen, I. Güttler, T. Halenka, T. Karakostas, E. Katragkou, K. Keuler, S. Kotlarski, S. Mayer, E. van Meijgaard, G. Nikulin, M. Patarčić, J. Scinocca, S. Sobolowski, M. Suklitsch, C. Teichmann, K. Warrach-Sagi, V. Wulfmeyer, P. Yiou, 2012 : The simulation of European heat waves from an ensemble of 1 regional climate models within the EURO-CORDEX project. Climate Dynamics, 41, 2555-2575.

123. Stegehuis, A., R. Vautard, P. Ciais, R Teuling, M. Jung, and P. Yiou, 2013: Summer temperatures in Europe and land heat fluxes in observation-based data and regional climate model simulations. Climate Dynamics, 41, 455-477.

122. Yiou, P., T. Salameh, P. Drobinski, L. Menut, R. Vautard, and M. Vrac, 2013 : Ensemble reconstruction of the atmospheric column from surface pressure using analogues. Clim. Dyn., 41, 1419-1437.

121. Vautard, R., T. Noël, L. Li, M. Vrac, E. Martin, P. Dandin, and S. Joussaume, 2013 : Climate variability and trends in downscaled high-resolution simulations and projections over metropolitan France. Clim. Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1621-8.

120. Menut, L., O. P. Tripathi, A. Colette, R. Vautard, E. Flaounas, B. Bessagnet, 2012 : Evaluation of regional climate simulations for air quality modeling purposes. Climate Dynamics, 40, 2515-2533.

 

2012

 

119. Cattiaux, J., B. Quesada, A. Arakelian, F. Codron, R. Vautard and P. Yiou, 2012 : North-Atlantic dynamics and european temperature extremes in the IPSL model: sensitivity to atmospheric resolution. Clim. Dyn., in press.

118. Colette, A., R. Vautard and M. Vrac, 2012 : Regional climate downscaling with prior statistical correction of the global climate forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L13707, doi:10.1029/2012GL052258.

117. Vautard, R., T. R. McVicar, J.-N. Thépaut, M. L. Roderick. (2012) [Global climate; Atmospheric circulation; Surface winds] Land surface winds and atmospheric evaporative demand [in “State of the Climate in 2011”]. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society. 93(7), S36-S38.

116. Schere, K., Vautard, R., Solazzo, E., Hogrefe, C. and S. Galmarini, 2012: Lessons learned from Phase I of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII). Environmental Manager, July 2012, 37-47.

115. Quesada, B., R. Vautard, P. Yiou, M. Hirschi and S. I. Seneviratne, 2011: Asymmetric European summer heat predictability from wet and dry winters and springs. Nature Climate Change, 2, 736-741.

114. Kinney, P. L., M. Pascal, R. Vautard, and K. Laaidi, 2012: Winter mortality in a changing climate: will it go down? Bull. Epidem. Hebdo., 12-13, 5-7.

113. Solazzo, E., R. Bianconi,G. Pirovano, M. Volker, R. Vautard, K. W. Appel, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, J. H. Christensen, C. Chemel, I. Coll, J. Ferreira, R. Forkel, X. V. Francis, G. Grell, P. Grossi, A. Hansen,  A. I. Miranda, M. D. Moran, U. Nopmongcol, M. Parnk, K. N. Sartelet, M. Schaap, J. D. Silver, R. S. Sokhi, J. Vira, J. Werhahn, R. Wolke, G. Yarwood, J. Zhang, S.T. Rao, and S. Galmarini, 2011: Operational model evaluation for particulate matter in Europe and North America in the context of the AQMEII project. Atmospheric Environment, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045.

112. Solazzo, E.,R. Bianconi, R. Vautard, K. W. Appel, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, J. H. Christensen, C. Chemel, I. Coll, H. D. van der Gon, J. Ferreira, R. Forkel, X. V. Francis, G. Grell, P. Grossi, A. Hansen, A. Jeričević, L. Kraljević, A. I. Miranda, M. D. Moran, U. Nopmongcol, G. Pirovano, M. Prank, A. Riccio,  K. N. Sartelet, M. Schaap, J. D. Silver, R. S. Sokhi, J. Vira, J. Werhahn, R. Wolke, G. Yarwood, J. Zhang, S.T. Rao9, and S. Galmarini, 2012: Model evaluation and ensemble modeling for surface-level ozone in Europe and North America. Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.003.

111. Vautard, R., Moran, M. D., Solazzo, E., Gilliam, R. C., Matthias, V., Bianconi, R., Chemel, C., Ferreira, J., Geyer, B., Hansen, A. B., Jericevic, A., Prank, M., Segers, A., Silver, J. D., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Rao, S. T., and S. Galmarini, 2012, Evaluation of the meteorological forcing used for the Air Quality Model Evaluation InternationaI Initiative (AQMEII) air quality simulations. Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.065.

110. Schere, K., J. Flemming, R. Vautard, C. Chemel, A. Colette, C. Hogrefe, B. Bessagnet, F. Meleux, R. Mathur, S. Roselle, R.-M. Hu, R. S. Sokhi, S. T. Rao and S. Galmarini, 2011: Trace gas/aerosol boundary concentrations and their impacts on continental-scale AQMEII modeling domains. Atmosheric Environment, 53, 38-50.

109. Alapathy, K., Mathur, R., Pleim, J., Rao, S. T., Ramaswamy, V., Galmarini, S., Schaap, M., Vautard, R., Makar, P., Baklanov, A., Kallos, G. and B. Vogel, New directions: understanding interactions of air quality and climate change at regional scale. Atmospheric Environment, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.016, 2012, 419–421.

 

2011

 

108. Cattiaux, J., Yiou, P. and R. Vautard, 2011: Dynamics of future seasonal temperature trends and extremes in Europe. Climate Dynamics, in press.

107. Peterson, T. C., Vautard, R., McVicar T. R., Thépaut, J.-N., and P. Berrisford, 2011: Surface winds over land, in [“State of Climate 2010”], Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, in press.

106. Lemond, J., Dandin, P., Planton, S., Vautard, R., Pagé, C., Déqué, M., Franchistéguy, L., Geindre, S., Kerdoncuff, M., Li, L., Moisselin, J. M., Noël, T., and Y. M. Tourre, 2011. DRIAS – A step toward french climate services. Adv. in Sci. and Res., 6, 179-186.

105. Cattiaux, J., R. Vautard, and P. Yiou, 2011: North-Atlantic SST amplified recent European land temperature extremes and trends. Climate Dynamics, doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0869-0.

 

2010

104. Vautard, R., J. Cattiaux, P. Yiou, J.-N Thepaut, and P. Ciais, 2010: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nature Geoscience, 3, 756–761.

103. Cattiaux, J., R. Vautard,, C. Cassou, P. Yiou, V. Masson-Delmotte and F. Codron, 2010 : Winter 2010 in Europe : a cold extreme in a warming climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20704, doi:10.1029/2010GL044613.

102. Beekmann, M., and R. Vautard, 2010: A modelling study of photochemical regimes over Europe: robustness and variability. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 10, 10067-10084.

101. van Oldenborgh, G. J., Yiou, P., and R. Vautard, 2010: On the role of circulations and aerosols in the decline of mist and dense fog in Europe over the last 30 years. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4597-4609.

  1. Aulagnier, C., Rayner, P., Ciais, P., Vautard, R., Rivier, L., Ramonet, M., 2010, Is the recent build-up of the atmospheric CO2 over Europe reproduced by models: an overview with the atmospheric mesoscale transport model CHIMERE, Tellus B, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00443.

2009

  1. Vautard, R. and P. Yiou, 2009, Control of recent European surface climate change by atmospheric flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22702, 10.1029/2009GL040480.
  1. Timmermans, R. M. A., Segers, A. J., Builtjes, P. H. J., Vautard, R., Siddans, R., Elbern, H., Tjemkes, S. A. T., and M. Schaap, 2009, The added value of a proposed satellite imager for ground-level particulate matter analyses and forecasts. IEEE J-STAR, 2, 271-283.
  1. Timmermans, R. M. A., Schaap, M., Elbern, H., Siddans, R., Tjemkes, S., Vautard, R., and P. Builtjes, 2009: An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) for aerosol optical depth from satellites. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol,26, 2673-2682.
  1. Georgopoulos, P., Isukapali, S., Burke, J., Napelenok, S., Palma, T., Langstaff, J., Majeed, M., He, S., Byun, D., Cohen, M., Vautard, R., 2009, Air quality modeling needs for exposure assessment from the source-to-outcome perspective, Environmental Manager, in press.
  1. Monks, P. S.,  C. Granier, S. Fuzzi, A. Stohl, M. Williams, H. Akimoto, M. Amman, A.Baklanov, U. Baltensperger, I. Bey, N. Blake, R.S. Blake, K. Carslaw, O.R. Cooper, F. Dentener, E. Fragkou, G. Frost, S. Generoso, P. Ginoux, V. Grewe, A. Guenther, H.C., Hansson, S. Henne, J. Hjorth, A. Hofzumahaus, H. Huntrieser, M.E. Jenkin, J. Kaiser, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, M. Kulmala, M.G. Lawrence, J.D. Lee, C. Liousse, G. McFiggans, A. Metzger, A. Mieville, N. Moussiopoulos, J.J. Orlando, P.I. Palmer, D. Parrish, A. Petzold, U. Platt, U. Poeschl, A.S.H. Prévôt, C.E. Reeves, S. Reiman, Y. Rudich, K. Sellegri, R. Steinbrecher, D. Simpson, H. ten Brink, J. Theloke, G. van der Werf, R. Vautard, V. Vestreng, Ch. Vlachokostas, R. vonGlasow, 2009, Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality, Atmospheric Environment, 43, 5268-5350.
  1. Coll, I., Lasry, F., Fayet, S., Armengaud, A., and R. Vautard, 2009, Simulation and evaluation of 2010 emission control scenarios in a Mediterranean area. Atmos. Environ., 43, 4194-4204.
  1. Champollion, C., P. Drobinski, M. Haeffelin, O. Bock, J. Tarniewicz, M. N. Bouin and R. Vautard, 2009, Water vapor variability induced by urban/rural surface heterogeneities during convective conditions, Quart. J. of the Royal Met. Soc., 135, 1266-1276.
  1. Zampieri, M., F. D’Andrea, R. Vautard, P. Ciais, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, P. Yiou, 2009, Hot European Summers and the role of soil moisture in the propagation of Mediterranean drought, J. Climate, 4747-4758.
  1. Cattiaux, J., Vautard, R. and Yiou, P., Origins of the extremely warm European fall of 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett., doi: 10.1029/2009GL037339.
  1. Vautard, R., Yiou, P., and G. J. van Oldenborgh, 2009: Decline of fog, mist and haze in Europe over the past 30 years, Nature Geoscience, 2, 115-119.
  1. Curci, G., Beekmann, M., Vautard, R., Smiatek, G., Steinbrecher, R., Theloke, J., and R. Friedrich, 2008: Modeling study of the impact of isoprene and terpene emissions on European ozone levels. Atmos. Environ., 43, 1444-1455.
  1. Steinbrecher, R., Smiatek, G., Köble, R., Seufert, G., Theloke, J., Hauff, K., Ciciolli, P., Vautard, R., 2009: Intra- and inter-annual variability of VOC emissions from natural and semi-natural vegetation in Europe and neighbouring countries. Atmos. Environ., 43, 1380-1391.
  1. Vautard, R., M. Schaap, R Bergström, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, P.J.H. Builtjes, J.H. Christensen, C. Cuvelier, V. Foltescu, A. Graf, A. Kerschbaumer, M. Krol, P. Roberts, L. Rouïl, R. Stern, L. Tarrason, P. Thunis, E. Vignati, P. Wind, 2009, Skill and uncertainty of a regional air quality model ensemble. Atmos. Environ., 43, 4822-4832.
  1. Vivanco, M., Palomino, I., Vautard, R., Bessagnet, B., Martin, F., Menut, L., Jimenez, S., 2009: Multi-year assessment of photochemical air quality simulation over Spain, Environmental Modeling and Software, 24, 63-73.
  1. Rouïl, L., Honoré, C., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet B., Dufour A., Elichegaray C., Flaud, J.-M., Malherbe L., Meleux F., Menut L., Martin D., Peuch A., Peuch V.-H., and Poisson, N., 2009, PREV'AIR: an operational forecasting and mapping system for air quality in Europe. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 73-83.

 

2008

  1. Patra, P. K., R. M. Law, W. Peters, C. RÓ§denbeck, M. Takigawa1, C. Aulagnier, I. Baker, D. J. Bergmann, P. Bousquet, J. Brandt, L. Bruhwiler, P. J. Cameron-Smith, J. H. Christensen, F. Delage, A. S. Denning, S. Fan, C. Geels, S. Houweling, R. Imasu, U. Karstens, S. R. Kawa, J. Kleist, M. C. Krol1, S.-J. Lin, R. Lokupitiya, T. Maki1, S. Maksyutov, Y. Niwa, R. Onishi, N. Parazoo, G. Pieterse, L. Rivier, M. Satoh, S. Serrar, S. Taguchi, R. Vautard, A. T. Vermeulen, Z. Zhu:  TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO2: analysis of synoptic scale variations for the period 2002-2003. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB4013, doi:10.1029/2007GB003081.
  1. Bessagnet, B., Menut, L., Aymoz, G., Chepfer, H., and Vautard, R., 2008: Modelling dust emissions and transport within Europe: the Ukraine March 2007 event. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15202, doi:10.1029/2007JD009541.
  1. Law, R. M., W. Peters, C. RÓ§denbeck, C. Aulagnier, I. Baker, D. J. Bergmann, P. Bousquet, J. Brandt, L. Bruhwiler, P. J. Cameron-Smith, J. H. Christensen, F. Delage, A. S. Denning, S. Fan, C. Geels, S. Houweling, R. Imasu, U. Karstens, S. R. Kawa, J. Kleist, M. C. Krol1, S.-J. Lin, R. Lokupitiya, T. Maki1, S. Maksyutov, Y. Niwa, R. Onishi, N. Parazoo, G. Pieterse, L. Rivier, M. Satoh, S. Serrar, S. Taguchi, M. Takigawa1, R. Vautard, A. T. Vermeulen, Z. Zhu, 2008: TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO2: experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB3009, doi:10.1029/2007GB003050.
  1. Stern, R., P. Builtjes, M. Schaap, R. Timmermans, R. Vautard, A. Hodzic, M. Memmesheimer, H. Feldmann, E. Renner, R. Wolke, and A. Kerschbaumer, 2008 : A model inter-comparison study focusing on episodes with elevated PM10 concentrations. Atmos. Environ, 42, 4567-4588.
  1. Honoré, C., Rouil, L., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet, B., Dufour, A., Elichegaray, C., Flaud, J.-M., Malherbe, L., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Martin, D., Peuch, A., Peuch, V.-H., Poisson, N., 2008. Predictability of European air quality: The assessment of three years of operational forecasts and analyses. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008761.

 

 

2007

  1. Salameh, T., Drobinski, P., Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Flamant, C., Hodzic, A., and R. Vautard, 2006: Aerosol distribution over the western Mediterranean basin during a Tramontane/Mistral event, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 2271-2291.
  1. Yiou, P., R. Vautard, P. Naveau and C. Cassou, 2007.  Inconsistency between atmospheric dynamics and temperatures during the exceptional 2006/2007 fall/winter and recent warming in Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21808, doi:10.1029/2007GL031981.
  1. Vautard, R., Ciais, P., Fisher, R., Lowry D., Bréon, F.-M., Vogel, F., Levin, I., Miglietta F. and E. Nisbet, 2007. The dispersion of the Buncefield oil fire plume, an extreme accident without air quality consequences, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 9506-9517.
  1. Vautard, R., and D. Hauglustaine, 2007: Impact of global climate change on regional air quality: introduction to the thematic issue, CR Geoscience, 339, 703-708.
  1. Vautard, R., M. Beekmann, J. Desplats, A. Hodzic, S. Morel, 2007. Air quality in Europe during the summer of 2003: a prototype of air quality in a warmer climate.  CR Geoscience, 339, 747-763.
  1. Monteiro, A., Miranda, A. I., Borrego, C., Vautard, R., Ferreira, J., and Perez, A. T., 2007: Long-term assessment of particulate matter for Portugal, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 7726-7736.
  1. Vautard, R., Maidi, M., Menut, L., Beekmann, M., and A. Colette, 2007. Boundary layer photochemistry simulated with a two-stream convection scheme. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 8275-8287.
  1. Pirovano, G., Coll, I., Bedogni, M., Alessandrini, S., Costa, M. P., Gabusi, V., Lasry, F., Menut, L., Vautard, R., 2007: On the influence of meteorological input on photochemical modelling of a severe episode over a coastal area, Atmospheric Environment, 47, 6445-6464.
  1. Vautard, R., Yiou, P., D’Andrea, F., de Noblet, N., Viovy, N., Cassou, C., Polcher, J., Ciais, P., Kageyama, M., and Y. Fan, 2007: Summertime European heat and drought waves induced by wintertime Mediterranean rainfall deficit. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L07711, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028001.
  1. Blond, N., K. F. Boersma, H. J. Eskes, R. van der A, M. van Roosendael, I. De Smedt, G. Bergametti, R. Vautard, 2007: Intercomparison of SCIAMACHY nitrogen dioxide observations, in-situ measurements and air-quality modeling results over Europe. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10311, 10.1029/2006JD007277.
  1. Chepfer, H., Chiriaco, M., Vautard, R., Spinhirne, J., 2007: Evaluation of MM5 optically thin clouds over Europe using ICE/SAT lidar space-borne observations. Monthly Weather Review, 135, 2737-2753.
  1. Drobinski, P., F. Saïd, G. Ancellet, J. Arteta, P. Augustin, S. Bastin, A. Brut, J.L. Caccia, B. Campistron, S. Cautenet, A. Colette, B. Cros, U. Corsmeier, I. Coll, A. Dabas, H. Delbarre, A. Dufour, P. Durand, V. Guénard, M. Hasel, N. Kalthoff, C. Kottmeier, A. Lemonsu, F. Lohou, V. Masson, L. Menut, C. Moppert, V.H. Peuch, V. Puygrenier, O. Reitebuch, R. Vautard, 2007: Regional transport and dilution during high pollution episodes in southeastern France: summary of findings from the ESCOMPTE experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13105, doi:10.1029/2006JD007494.
  1. Lasry, F., I. Coll, S. Fayet, M. Havre and R. Vautard, 2007. Short-term measures for the control of ozone peaks: expertise from CTM simulations. J. Atmos. Chem., doi:10.1007/s10874-007-9062-1.
  1. Van Loon, M., R. Vautard, M. Schaap, R. Bergström, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, P.J.H. Builtjes, J. H. Christensen, K. Cuvelier, A. Graf, J.E. Jonson, M. Krol, J. Langner, P. Roberts, L. Rouil, R. Stern, L. Tarrasón, P. Thunis, E. Vignati, L. White, P. Wind, 2007: Evaluation of long-term ozone simulations from seven regional air quality models and their ensemble average. Atmos. Environ.,, 41, 2083-2097.
  1. Borrego, C., Monteiro, A., Miranda, A.I. and Vautard, R., 2007. Air quality assessment for Portugal. Science of the Total Environment, 373, 22-31.
  1. Vautard, R., Builtjes, P. H. J., Thunis, P., Cuvelier, K., Bedogni, M., Bessagnet, B., Honoré, C., Moussiopoulos, N., Pirovano G.,  Schaap, M., Stern, R., Tarrason, L., Van Loon, M., 2007: Evaluation and intercomparison of Ozone and PM10 simulations by several chemistry-transport models over 4 european cities within the City-Delta project, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 173-188.
  1. Cuvelier, C., Thunis, P., Vautard, R., Amann, M., Bessagnet, B., Bedogni, M., Berkowicz, R., Brandt, J., Brocheton, F., Builtjes, P., Coppalle, A., Denby, B., Douros G., Graf, A., Hellmuth, O., Honoré, C., Hodzic, A., Jonson, J., Kerschbaumer, A., de Leeuw, F., Minguzzi, E., Moussiopoulos, N., Pertot, C., Pirovano, G., Rouil, L., Schaap, M., Stern, R., Tarrason, L., Vignati, E., Volta, M., White, L., Wind, P., Zuber, A., 2007: CityDelta: A model intercomparison to explore the impact of emission reductions in 2010 in European cities in 2010, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 189-207.

 

2006

  1. D’Andrea, F., Provenzale, A., Vautard, R. and N. de Noblet, 2006: Hot and cool summers: multiple stable equilibria of water balance in the planetary boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027972.
  1. Vautard, R., M. Van Loon, M. Schaap, R. Bergström, B. Bessagnet, J. Brandt, P.J.H. Builtjes, J. H. Christensen, K. Cuvelier,  A. Graf, J.E. Jonson, M. Krol, J. Langner, P. Roberts, L. Rouil, R. Stern, L. Tarrasón, P. Thunis, E. Vignati, L. White, P. Wind, 2006: Is regional air quality model diversity representative of uncertainty for ozone simulation ? Geophys.  Res. Lett., 33, L24818, doi:10.1029/2006GL027610.
  1. Hodzic, A., Vautard, R., Chazette, P., Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., 2006 : Aerosol chemical and optical properties over the Paris area within ESQUIF project, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 3257-3280.
  1. Szopa, S., Hauglustaine, D. A., Vautard, R., Menut, L., 2006 :  Future global tropospheric ozone changes and impact on European air quality. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14805, doi:10.1029/2006GL025860.
  1. Vautard, R., Szopa, S., Beekmann, M., Menut, L., Hauglustaine, D. A., Rouil, L., Roemer, M., 2006 :  Are decadal anthropogenic emission changes in Europe consistent with surface ozone observations? Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13810, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026080.
  1. Hodzic, A., Vautard, R., Chepfer, H., Goloub, P., Menut, L., Chazette, P., Deuzé, J.-L., Apituley, A. and P. Couvert, 2006: Evolution of aerosol optical thickness over Europe during the August 2003 heat wave as seen from CHIMERE model simulations and POLDER data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 1853-1864.
  1. Hodzic, A., Bessagnet, B., and R. Vautard, 2006: A model evaluation of coarse-mode nitrate heterogeneous formation on dust particles. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 4158-4171.
  1. Chiriaco, M., Vautard, R., Chepfer, H., Haeffelin, M., Wanherdrick, Y., Morille, Y., Protat, A., and J. Dudhia, 2006: The Ability of MM5 to simulate Ice clouds: Systematic Comparison between Simulated and Measured Fluxes and Lidar/Radar profiles at SIRTA atmospheric observatory. Monthly Weather Review, 134, 897-918.

 

2005

  1. Hodzic, A., Vautard, R., Bessagnet, B., Lattuati, M., and F. Moreto, 2005: On the quality of long-term urban particulate matter simulation with the CHIMERE model. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5851-5864.
  1. Grancher, D., Bel, L. and R. Vautard, 2005: Estimation de champs de pollution par adaptation statistique locale et approche non-stationnaire. Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés, 39, 475-492.
  1. Vautard, R., Honoré, C., Beekmann, M. and L. Rouil, 2005: Simulation of ozone during the August 2003 heat wave and emission control scenarios. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2957-2967.
  1. Vautard, R., Bessagnet, B., Chin, M. and Menut, L., 2005: On the contribution of natural Aeolian sources to particulate matter concentrations in Europe: Testing hypotheses with a modelling approach, Atmospheric Environment., 39, 3291-3303.
  1. Monteiro, A., Vautard, R., Borrego, C., and A. I. Miranda, 2005: Long-term simulations of photo oxidant pollution over Portugal using the CHIMERE model, Atmospheric Environment., 39, 3089-3101.
  1. Monteiro, A., Vautard, R., Lopes, M., Miranda, A., Borrego, C., 2005: Air pollution forecast in Portugal: A demand from the new air quality framework directive. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 15, 4-15.
  1. Zhang, B.-N., R. Vautard and N.-T. Kim Oanh, 2005: Comparison of two Photochemical Modelling Systems in a Tropical Urban Area, J. Air and Waste Management Association, 55, 903-918.
  1. Konovalov, I. B., Beekmann, M., Vautard, R., Burrows, J.-P., Richter, A., Nuss, H., Elansky, N., 2005: Comparison and evaluation of modelled and GOME measurement derived tropospheric NO2 columns over Western and Eastern Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 169-190.
  1. Haeffelin, M., et al., 2005: SIRTA: A ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research. Annales Geophysicae, 23, 253-275.

 

 

2004

  1. Blond, N., and R. Vautard, 2004: Three-dimensional ozone analyses and their use for short-term ozone forecasts, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2004JD004515.
  1. Hodzic A., Chepfer H., Vautard R., Chazette P., Beekmann M., Bessagnet B., Chatenet B., Cuesta J., Drobinski P., Goloub P., Haeffelin M., Morille Y., 2004: Comparisons of aerosol chemistry-transport model simulations with lidar and sun photometer observations at a site near Paris., J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2004JD004735.
  1. Honoré, C., Rouil, L., Malherbe, L., Bessagnet, B., Vautard, R., Poisson, N., Colosio, J., 2004 : Le système PREV’AIR : Cartographie et prévision de la qualité de l’air à grande échelle en Europe. Environnement, Risques & Santé, 3, 156-164.
  1. B. Bessagnet, A. Hodzic, R. Vautard, M. Beekmann, S. Cheinet, C. Honoré, C. Liousse and L. Rouil, 2004, Aerosol modeling with CHIMERE: preliminary evaluation at the continental scale. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 2803-2817.
  1. Wackernagel, H., Lajaunie, C., Blond, N., Roth, C., Vautard, R., 2004: Geostatistical risk mapping with chemical transport model output and ozone station data. Ecological Modelling, 179, 177-185.

 

2003

  1. Vautard, R., Menut, L., Beekmann, M., Chazette, P., Flamant, P.-H., Gombert, D., Guedalia, D., Kley, D., Lefebvre, M.-P., Martin, D., Megie, G., Perros, P., Toupance, G., 2003 : A synthesis of the Air Pollution over Paris (ESQUIF) field campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D17, 8558.
  1. Vautard, R., Martin, D, Beekmann, M. Drobinski, P., Friedrich, R., Jaubertie, A., Kley, D., Lattuati, M., Moral, P., Neininger, B., Theloke, J., 2003, Paris emission inventory diagnostics from ESQUIF airborne measurements and a chemistry transport model, J. Geophys. Res. 108, D17, 8564.
  1. Sillman, S., R. Vautard, L. Menut and D. Kley, 2003: O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity and NOx –VOC indicators in Paris: results from models and ESQUIF measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D17, 8563.
  1. Blond, N., Bel, L. and Vautard, R., 2003: Three-dimensional ozone data analysis with an air quality model over the Paris area. J. Geophys. Res., 108, D17, 8564.

 

 

2002

  1. Beckers, J.-M., et al., 2002: Model intercomparison in the Mediterranean: MEDMEX simulations of the seasonal cycle. J. Mar. Syst. 33–34, pp. 215–251.

 

 

2001

  1. Vautard, R., M. Beekmann, J. Roux and D. Gombert, 2001: Validation of a hybrid forecasting system for the ozone concentrations over the Paris area. Atmos. Environ., 35, 2449-2461.
  1. D'Andrea, F. and R. Vautard, 2001: Extratropical low-frequency variability as a low-dimensional problem: Part I: A simplified model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 1357-1374.
  1. Schmidt, H., Derognat, C., Vautard, R., and Beekmann, M., 2001. A comparison of simulated and observed ozone mixing ratios for the summer of 1998 in Western Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 6277-6297.

 

2000

  1. Swanson, K., T. Palmer and R. Vautard, 2000: Observational error structures and the value of advanced assimilation techniques. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1327-1340.
  1. D'Andrea, F. and R. Vautard, 2000: Reducing systematic errors by empirically correcting model errors. Tellus, 52A, 21-41.
  1. Menut, L., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Honoré, C., 2000: Sensitivity of photochemical pollution using the adjoint of a simplified chemical-transport model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, D12, 15,379-15,402.
  1. Vautard, R., M. Beekmann, and L. Menut, 2000, Applications of adjoint modelling in atmospheric chemistry: sensitivity and inverse modelling, Environmental Modelling & Software, 15, 703-709.
  1. Menut, L., R. Vautard, C. Flamant, C. Abonnel, M. Beekmann, P. Chazette, P. H. Flamant, D. Gombert, D. Guedalia, D. Kley, M.-P. Lefebvre, B. Lossec, D. Martin, G. Mégie, P. Perros, M. Sicard, G. Toupance, 2000: Measurements and modelling of atmospheric pollution over the Paris area: An overview of the ESQUIF project. Annales Geophysicae, 18, 1467-1481.
  1. Honoré, C., R. Vautard and M. Beekmann, 2000, Low and high NOx chemical regimes in an urban environment, Environmental Modelling & Software, 15, 559-564
  1. Honoré, C., M.  Beekmann, and R. Vautard, 2000: Photochemical regimes in urban atmospheres: the influence of dispersion. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27 (13), 1895-1898.
  1. Carmichael, G., Moussiopoulos, N., Sportisse, B., Vautard, R., Verwer, J., 2000, Air pollution modelling and simulation – Preface. Environmental Modelling and Software, 15, 501-501.

 

 

1999

  1. Vautard, R., G. Plaut, R. Wang and G. Brunet, 1999: Seasonal prediction of surface-air temperatures using space-time principal components. J. Climate, 12, 380-394.
  1. Kageyama, M., D'Andrea F., Ramstein G., Valdes P. J., and R. Vautard, 1999: Weather regimes in past climate atmospheric general circulation model simulations, Climate Dynamics, 15, 773-793.

 

1998

  1. Moron, V., R. Vautard, and M. Ghil, 1998: Trends, interdecadal and interannual oscillations in global sea surface temperatures. Climate Dynamics, 14, 545-569.
  1. Michelangeli, P.-A., and R. Vautard, 1998: The dynamics of euro-atlantic blocking, 1998: Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1045-1070.
  1. Swanson, K., R. Vautard and C. Pires, 1998: Four-dimensional variational assimilation and predictability in a quasi-geostrophic model. Tellus, 50A, 369-389.

 

1997

  1. Da Costa, E. and R. Vautard, 1997: A qualitatively realistic low-order model of the extratropical low-frequency variability built from long records of potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1064-1084.
  1. Edouard, S., Vautard, R. and G. Brunet, 1997: On the maintenance of potential vorticity in isentropic coordinates, Quart. J. of the Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2069-2094.

 

 

1996

  1. Pires C., Vautard, R., Talagrand, O., 1996: On extending the limits of variational assimilation in nonlinear chaotic systems, 1996, Tellus, 48A, 96-121.

16. Sarda J., Plaut G., Pires C., Vautard R., 1996: Statistical and dynamical long-range atmospheric forecasts : experimental comparison and hybridization, Tellus A, 48, 518-537.

15. Vautard, R., Pires, C., and Plaut, G., 1996: Long-range atmospheric predictability using space-time principal components, Monthly Weather Rev., 124, 288-307.

14. Brunet, G., and Vautard, R., 1996: Empirical normal modes versus empirical orthogonal functions for statistical prediction, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3468-3489.

 

1991-1995

  1. Plaut, G.R., M. Ghil and R. Vautard, 1995: Interannual and interdecadal variability in 335 years of central England temperature. Science, 268, 710-713.
  1. Michelangeli, P.A., Vautard, R., Legras, B., 1995: Weather regimes: recurrence and quasi-stationarity, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1237-1256.
  1. Brunet, G., Vautard, R., Legras, B., Edouard, S. 1995: Potential Vorticity on Isentropic Surfaces: Climatology and Diagnostics. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 123, 1037-1058.
  1. Yiou, P., M. Ghil, J. Jouzel, D. Paillard and R. Vautard, 1994: Nonlinear variability of the climatic system, from singular and power spectra of late Quaternary records, Climate Dynamics, 9, 371-389.
  1. Plaut, G. and R. Vautard, 1994: Spells of oscillations and weather regimes in the low-frequency dynamics of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 210-236.
  1. Vautard, R., Yiou, P., and M. Ghil, 1992: Singular-spectrum analysis: A toolkit for short, noisy chaotic signals, Physica D:, 58, 95-126.
  1. Ghil, M. and R. Vautard, 1991: Interdecadal oscillations and the warming trend in global temperature time series. Nature, 350, 324-327.

 

1986-1990

  1. Vautard, R. 1990: Multiple Weather Regimes over the North Atlantic: Analysis of Precursors and Successors. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 2056-2081.
  1. Vautard, R., K. Mo, and M. Ghil, 1990: Statistical significance test for transition matrices of atmospheric Markov chains, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1926-1931.
  1. Vautard, R., and M. Ghil, 1989: Singular spectrum analysis in nonlinear dynamics, with applications to paleoclimatic time series, Physica D, 35, 395-424.
  1. Vautard, R., B. Legras and M. Déqué, 1988: On the source of midlatitude low-frequency variability. Part I: A statistical approach to persistence. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2811-2843.
  1. Vautard, R., and B. Legras, 1988: On the source of midlatitude low-frequency variability. Part II: Nonlinear equilibration of weather regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2845-2867.
  1. Vautard, R., and B. Legras, 1986: Invariant manifolds, quasi-geostrophy and initialization, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 565-584.
 

 

 

 

 

 

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